As a result, NPs can enter the female reproductive system and cause damage to the female reproductive organs and cells, resulting in reduced fertility and embryonic development. They can pass across the blood–testis, placental, and epithelial barriers that protect reproductive tissues and accumulate in reproductive organs. The reproductive toxicity of nanomaterials has recently been brought to light. All three kinds of NPs have the potential to deposit in ovarian cells and further damage these cells at the molecular and genetic levels these injuries may have a direct effect on fertility. Intact NPs were detected in hen ovarian tissues after treatment with ZnO NPs, and treatment significantly decreased the egg yolk lipid content. Another study indicated that exposure to nickel NPs resulted in ovarian lymphocytosis, luteal cell increase, and cavitation increased eosinophils and inflammatory cell infiltration in rat ovarian tissues. Mitochondrial swelling and rupture, nuclear chromatin condensation, and nuclear membrane irregularity were observed. A previous report revealed that after exposure to TiO 2 NPs, the ultrastructure of the mitochondria and nuclei of ovarian cells was impaired. Titanium dioxide (TiO 2) NPs can accumulate in the cytoplasm and nuclei of ovarian cells and induce apoptosis. demonstrated that 50 nm magnetic NPs could penetrate the mouse BTB (blood–testis barrier) and be deposited in the testes and other reproductive organs, causing further damage to these organs. NPs can also penetrate some biological membranes and accumulate in reproductive organs. Regardless of the exposure route, animal model, or physicochemical properties of the NPs used, the liver and kidneys are the most common accumulation organs. The gradual accumulation of NPs in kidneys, blood, and testis and their gradual reduction from urine, feces, and lungs indicate the inefficient clearance of NPs from the urine and feces and undergoing redistribution. Additionally, it has been shown that a single intravenous injection of gold NPs may cause a long‐term accumulation in the liver and spleen. Furthermore, a study suggested that the accumulation of silver NPs within the main organs (most significantly in the liver, lungs, and spleen) occurs after intravenous injections and then gradually decreases. Previous research has revealed that certain types of NPs can pass through specific biological barriers and have a negative impact on vital organs, like the brain, liver, and kidneys. The magnetite nanoparticles have a greater chance of being efficiently integrated into environmental contaminant elimination and cell separation, magnetically guided drug delivery, magnetocytolysis, sealing agents (liquid O-rings), dampening and cooling mechanisms in loudspeakers, and contrast agents for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Magnetite mineral crystallized with Fe 3O 4 chemical formula in spinel structures has the strongest magnetism among other iron oxide phases. Magnetite (Fe 3O 4), also known as black iron oxide, magnetic iron ore, and loadstone, is one of the iron oxides known as the oldest magnetic material. The wide applications of NMs have highlighted their significance as well as biological effects. Due to their small size, NPs have been widely utilized in many fields. Nanomaterials (NMs) contain 50% or more nanoparticles (NPs) with more than one external dimension in the 1–100 nm size range. This study demonstrated the negative effect of magnetite nanoparticle on reproductive health and increased the likelihood of infertility.
Immunohistochemistry studies demonstrated a significant increase in activated caspase-3 following nano-magnetite injection, indicating an increase in cell apoptosis. After nano-magnetite nanoparticle injection, the histopathological examination revealed apoptosis of granulosa cells of various types of follicles, degenerated corpora lutea, congested blood vessels, and uterine epithelial cells of uterine tissue showed a high level of apoptosis and inflammation. Nano-magnetite nanoparticles influenced the reproductive serum hormone levels as well as imbalanced the ovarian and uterine malondialdehyde and total antioxidant activity. Revealed that nano-magnetite did not induce a change in body weight or absolute as well as relative reproductive organs weight. For 30 days, rats were intraperitoneally injected three times per week. Twenty-one adult female rats were divided into three groups: Group 1 served as the control group, Group 2 received a low dose of 5 mg/kg of nano-magnetite, and Group 3 received a high dose of 10 mg/kg of nano-magnetite.
The present study aimed to investigate the effect of nano-magnetite on the reproductive health of female Wistar rats. Iron oxide nanoparticles, especially nano-magnetite, are promising candidates for use in a variety of applications.
0 kommentar(er)
